Free Essays on Understanding Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory's clarifications of hostility This hypothesis denies that people are intrinsically forceful and that disappointment naturally prompts animosity. Rather Bandura (1973) contends that hostility is found out in two fundamental manners: (1) from watching forceful models and (2) from accepting as well as expecting adjustments following animosity. The settlements might be as (a) halting animosity by others, (b) getting commendation or status or some other objective by being forceful, (c) getting self-support and private acclaim, and (d) diminishing strain. The Social Learning Theory likewise consolidates psychological procedures, similar to normal critical thinking, preliminary runs in dream to perceive what may occur on the off chance that I did _____ , and the restraint methods of self-perception, self-assessment, and self-support. Indeed, even youngsters can control their animosity on the off chance that they make them comprehend of why another person disappointed them (Mallick and McCandless, 1966). We have talked a bout Social Learning Theory in sections 4, 5, and 6. We as a whole much of the time face a domain that presents disappointing, disagreeable encounters just as signals that recommend there would be sure settlements for various game-plans. Inside us are different enthusiastic reactions, for example, outrage, different inspirations and inclinations to look for specific adjustments, and complex subjective procedures for gauging the advantages and disadvantages for various elective reactions, including animosity or brutality, uninvolved withdrawal, gloom, expanded endeavoring to succeed, sensible self-assured treatment of the circumstance, and other potential reactions. In the long run, the individual picks a reaction and acts, at that point the aftereffect of that reaction is watched and assessed as far as its viability. On the off chance that the reaction is strengthened, it is probably going to be utilized once more. Tavris (1984), a representative for this perspective, contends that outrage is a get-together, a method of saying Hello, I'm harming and you're in my direction. She ... Free Essays on Understanding Social Learning Theory Free Essays on Understanding Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory's clarifications of animosity This hypothesis denies that people are inherently forceful and that disappointment naturally prompts hostility. Rather Bandura (1973) contends that hostility is found out in two fundamental manners: (1) from watching forceful models and (2) from getting as well as expecting adjustments following animosity. The settlements might be as (a) halting animosity by others, (b) getting acclaim or status or some other objective by being forceful, (c) getting self-fortification and private commendation, and (d) lessening pressure. The Social Learning Theory likewise joins intellectual procedures, similar to reasonable critical thinking, preliminary runs in dream to perceive what may occur on the off chance that I did _____ , and the discretion strategies of self-perception, self-assessment, and self-fortification. Indeed, even kids can control their hostility on the off chance that they make them comprehend of why another person disappointed them (Mallick and McCandless, 1966). We have examine d Social Learning Theory in parts 4, 5, and 6. We as a whole every now and again face a domain that presents disappointing, horrendous encounters just as signs that recommend there would be sure settlements for various blueprints. Inside us are different passionate reactions, for example, outrage, different inspirations and desires to look for specific settlements, and complex subjective procedures for gauging the upsides and downsides for various elective reactions, including animosity or viciousness, detached withdrawal, discouragement, expanded endeavoring to succeed, sensible confident treatment of the circumstance, and other potential reactions. In the end, the individual picks a reaction and acts, at that point the consequence of that reaction is watched and assessed as far as its viability. On the off chance that the reaction is fortified, it is probably going to be utilized once more. Tavris (1984), a representative for this perspective, contends that outrage is a get-together, a method of saying Hello, I'm harming and you're in my direction. She ...

Use of Internet for Operations Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Use of Internet for Operations. Answer: Presentation IoT can be supposed to be an interconnectivity of things, for example, individuals, creatures, gadgets (advanced ones) or articles that are extraordinarily recognized and can transmit data/information over a PC organize without having associations, for example, individual to-individual or even individual to-gadget (Barrett, 2016). High improvement pace of rising innovation on the planet has empowered IoT to step by step develop in various parts of life on the planet today. The use of IoT has been stretched out to various parts including farming, banking, industrialization, instruction among others. The utilization of these applications achieves incredible advantages to the different areas throughout everyday life. These advantages significantly incorporate; improved help conveyance, diminished assistance conveyance cost, decreased blunders included, expanded creation and administrations rates, among others (Patel, 2017). There are many existing IoT applications being used today and others which are yet to be executed. Every one of these applications and gadgets to a great extent depends on the utilization of web for tasks. To find out about IoT we will utilize a case of savvy City to clarify the idea. Savvy City as an IoT. A savvy city can be supposed to be a urban zone where the utilization of innovation is quickly utilized in by different areas in accomplishing a specific objective utilizing ongoing information or data sharing by breaking down a given divisions data and the innovation utilized for activity (Bauer, 2015). It cosist of three key components which include: data advances, brilliant residents and interconnection of components (IURYT?, 2015). A brilliant city utilizes IoT in different regions, for example, social insurance, open administrations, savvy business structures, shrewd homes, transport, utilities, among others. For example, on transport segment, a brilliant city will actualize an IoT that give both on-road and off-road direction during stopping, traffic control sensors and metering for traffic stream (Rivera, 2015). All these will send the continuous data to explicit divisions through the web for investigation with no obstruction or association of people or outsider. How Smart City Operates Shrewd urban areas are introduced with portals which are transporters for sensors. These sensors are arranged to recognize explicit conditions dependent on what or which office they have a place with. When the data has been gathered by these sensors, the information is transmitted to the particular individuals or offices progressively by means of web contingent upon its operational need. For instance, on account of meteorology, the sensors will identify the climate states of the city, any progressions that may happen and afterward the meteorological office will have the option to get to the data naturally by means of a system and continue with the examination (Palet, 2014). Instances of brilliant urban communities incorporate Dublin, Seoul, Helsinki, among others. Components supporting presence of brilliant city as an IoT For the brilliant city to exist and flourish, there must be different components that encourage their reality. These incorporates a portion of the advantages that a brilliant city accompanies, the fitting foundation through which the city will be based on and the requirement for these specific city in any case. The following are a portion of the variables that bolsters the rise of shrewd city as a major aspect of the IoT on the planet today. Improved ICT offices. Shrewd City relies altogether upon the ICT framework. The city utilizes all the ICT systems with the end goal for it to be operational. These incorporates the web and ICT gadgets that have steadily evolved every once in a while. The sharing of data, correspondence and directing major operational jobs in a keen city depends completely on the ICT. Furthermore, because of improved ICT it got simpler to think of savvy urban areas on the planet (Aidana IURYT?, 2016). Upgraded Broadband Networks. Presence of such foundation makes it simple for data sharing in this manner supporting shrewd city activities. Presence of e-benefits that encourages tasks of keen city works likewise give a stage to presence of such city. Likewise keen urban communities have empowered manifestations of shrewd urban spaces which empowers high caliber and progressively effective help conveyance for a reasonable situation. Likewise the way that most governments are making the vast majority of their information open to be utilized by its residents for business and leading governments obligations, this has advanced the utilization of brilliant gadgets and applications hence making innovation dependence urban communities. Difficulties of Smart City as an IoT In spite of the considerable number of advantages that keen city accompanies, there exist different variables that may prevent or challenge its reality. These elements may include: Brings security issues with regards to data sharing. This may be because of absence of legitimate guidelines to oversee the entire part of data sharing which is broadly utilized in savvy city in this manner prompting data security dangers, for example, absence of classification and protection. Joblessness. In savvy city, each activity is mechanized. This in this way implies less human work required along these lines prompting expanded pace of joblessness. Protection. A keen city is inclined to digital assaults since all the administrations are completed over a web and thusly if not all around protected the outside world may meddle or even access the most classified data. Ends To close, it is hence sheltered to state that the presence of shrewd city executes the entire idea of IoT in todays world. This specific model realizes advantages of the utilization of IoT applications and gadgets in improving the nature of lives in this century. In this manner IoT which is a piece of the ICT foundation has acquired worldwide effect the manner in which numerous things are being worked on the planet today (S., 2013). References Barrett, D. J. (2016). Web of Things (IoT). Illinois: Nimbus Center for Embedded Systems Research at Cork Institute of Technology (CIT). Recovered on https://www.google.com/search?q=Nimbus+Centre+for+Embedded+Systems+Research+at+Cork+Institute+of+Technology+%28CIT%29%5Cie=utf-8oe=utf-8client=firefox-b-ab#. Bauer, P. (2015, November 20). The Advantages and Challenges of the Smart City. Keen urban communities are on the ascent, carrying with them the two difficulties and open doors for IT groups. , pp. 1-2. Palet, L. S. (2014, October 11). news. Recovered from National Geographic: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-innovation science-ireland-dublin-europe-web of-things-future/ Patel, K. (2017). Wellbeing and Medicine. Recovered on 27th July 2017 https://www.ibm.com/sites/web of-things/6-benefits-of-iot-for-medicinal services/. Rivera, J. (2015, March 18). Newsroom. Recovered from Gartner: https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3008917 S., Z. (2013). Brilliant City Reference Model: Assisting Planners to Conceptualize the Building of Smart City Innovation Ecosystems, . Diary of the Knowledge Economy, 217-231. IURYT?, A. (2015). AN ANALYSIS OF KEY FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SMART CITY. Vilnius: MYKOLAS ROMERIS UNIVERSITY.

How Vistaril Is Used to Treat Anxiety

How Vistaril Is Used to Treat Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print Taking Vistaril for Anxiety Treatment By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 19, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 11, 2019 More in Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Social Skills Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Work and School Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Uses Taking Vistaril Dosage Guidelines Who Shouldn’t Take Vistaril Medication Interactions Side Effects Possible Risks View All Back To Top Vistaril (hydroxyzine pamoate) is used for short-term treatment of the symptoms of anxiety and tension. Vistaril can also be prescribed as an antihistamine to treat allergic reactions. Learn more about how Vistaril works, dosage guidelines, and why a doctor might prescribe this treatment for you. Verywell / Jessica Olah Uses You may be prescribed Vistaril as an antihistamine or to manage anxiety and tension. Your doctor may choose this medication as a short-term treatment for anxiety or as an alternative to other habit-forming anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines. If you have combined allergies and anxiety, this medication may also be a good choice. Vistaril is not a good choice for long-term treatment of your anxiety as it has not been shown effective for this use.?? Taking Vistaril If you have been prescribed Vistaril, you will typically take it either in tablet or capsule form. Vistaril comes in 25 mg two-tone green capsules and 50 mg green and white capsules.  Vistaril is also available as a syrup or suspension liquid. You can continue your normal diet while taking Vistaril. Research on Vistaril has primarily focused on its effectiveness in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.?? There are no studies to indicate the effectiveness of Vistaril for social anxiety disorder. You should not be prescribed Vistaril for long-term treatment of anxiety lasting more than 4 months, as this use has not been supported by systematic clinical studies. There is also some research evidence to suggest that long-term use, particularly in older adults, could be linked to dementia.?? There are many other alternatives for treating your anxiety long-term. Vistaril may be combined with other medications such as antidepressants depending on your specific symptoms or with other treatments such as psychotherapy in the case of anxiety disorders. Talk to a Therapist Online About Your Anxiety Dosage Guidelines A typical adult dose for Vistaril for anxiety and tension is 50 to 100 mg up to four times a day. Dosages for children under 6 years old are 2 mg  per kg per day in divided dosages, not to exceed 50 mg per day. Vistaril may be used in children both to relieve anxiety and also as an antihistamine.?? If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember it, but not if it is near the time for your next dose. In that case, skip the dose rather than taking a double dose. Who Shouldn’t Take Vistaril You should not take Vistaril if you have a hypersensitivity to hydroxyzine, Zyrtec (cetirizine), or Xyzal (levocetirizine), and it is not recommended if you are pregnant or breastfeeding as it is not known whether it passes into breast milk or could harm your baby or cause birth defects. Those with a heart condition that has a long QT interval should not take this medication as it can lead to serious heart problems.?? You should discuss it with your doctor if you have any history of heart disease or a slow or irregular heartbeat. Medication Interactions Vistaril can potentially interact with several medications including narcotics, antihistamines, analgesics, and barbiturates. The effect of alcohol may also be increased when taking Vistaril. Be sure to tell your doctor about any nonprescription or prescription drugs you are taking or plan to take. Your dosages may need to be adjusted or you may need to be monitored for side effects. Side Effects Common side effects of Vistaril include dry mouth and drowsiness. However, these effects are usually mild and short-lived. In older adults, there may be constipation or confusion. Dizziness and headache are also reported. Rarely, tremor or convulsions can develop, usually with high dosages. ?? Call your doctor immediately if you experience trembling or seizures. Stop taking it immediately and call your doctor if you develop a rash, pus-filled sores, swelling, and fever. Possible Risks Caution should be exercised if driving, operating dangerous machinery, or participating in hazardous activities while using Vistaril. Risk of overdose is low with the result generally being extreme sedation. Symptoms of an overdose include stupor, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, or seizures. You should contact the poison control center or 911 in the event of an overdose. Usually, they will induce vomiting if it hasnt occurred already. A Word From Verywell If you have been prescribed Vistaril by your doctor, be sure to follow the instructions for dosage. If you find that this medication does not help your anxiety, talk with your doctor about other medication or treatment alternatives.

Feedstock in Chemistry and Engineering

A feedstock refers to any unprocessed material used to supply a manufacturing process. Feedstocks are bottleneck assets because their availability determines the ability to make products. In its most general sense, a feedstock is a natural material (e.g., ore, wood, seawater, coal) that has been transformed for marketing in large volumes. In engineering, particularly as it relates to energy, a feedstock refers specifically to a renewable, biological material that can be converted into energy or fuel. In chemistry, a feedstock is a chemical used to support a large-scale chemical reaction. The term usually refers to an organic substance. Also Known As: A feedstock may also be called a  raw material or unprocessed material. Sometimes feedstock is a synonym for biomass. Examples of Feedstocks Using the broad definition of a feedstock, any natural resource might be considered an example, including any mineral, vegetation, or air or water. If it can be mined, grown, caught, or collected and isnt produced by man, its a raw material. When a feedstock is a renewable biological substance, examples include crops, woody plants, algae, petroleum, and natural gas.  Specifically, crude oil is a feedstock for the production of gasoline. In the chemical industry, petroleum is a feedstock for a host of chemicals, including methane, propylene, and butane. Algae is a feedstock for hydrocarbon fuels, Corn is a feedstock for ethanol. Sources McClellan, James E., III; Dorn, Harold (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8360-6.

The Role of Zoos in Endangered Species Conservation

The worlds best zoos offer face-to-face encounters with some of the most fascinating and rare creatures on the planet—an experience that few people would ever be able to pursue in the wild. Unlike the cramped cages that housed wild animals in sideshow spectacles of the past, the modern zoo has elevated habitat emulation to an art, carefully recreating natural environments and offering inhabitants challenging activities to reduce boredom and stress. The evolution of zoos has also included programs dedicated to protecting endangered species, both in captivity and in the wild. Zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) participate in Species Survival Plan Programs that involve captive breeding, reintroduction programs, public education, and field conservation to ensure survival for many of the planets threatened and endangered species. Conservation Breeding AZA conservation breeding programs (also known as captive breeding programs) are designed to augment populations of endangered species and avoid extinction via regulated breeding in zoos and other approved facilities. One of the primary challenges facing captive breeding programs is maintaining genetic diversity. If the population of a captive breeding program is too small, inbreeding may result, leading to health problems that can have a negative impact on the species survival. For this reason, breeding is carefully managed to ensure as much genetic variation as possible. Fast Facts: Six Species Saved From Extinction by Zoos Arabian Oryx: Hunted to extinction in the wild, the Arabian Oryx  was revitalized thanks to conservation efforts of Phoenix Zoo  and others. As of 2017, 1,000 animals had been restored to the wild, while thousands more were living in zoo environments.Przewalski’s Horse: The only truly wild species left in the world, Przewalski’s Horse is native to the grasslands of Central Asia. After being declared completely extinct in the wild, it’s made an amazing comeback.California Condor: Not all that long ago, there were only 27 of these magnificent birds left. Thanks to conservation efforts from the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo, hundreds of California Condors have been reintroduced into the wild.Bongo: The  Eastern Bongo, a large antelope native to a remote region of Kenya was one of the last large mammal species to be discovered but poaching and loss of habitat nearly wiped them out.  Zoos worldwide are  to working to establish a stable p opulation to ensure their survival.Panamanian Golden Frog:  Beautiful but extremely poisonous, the entire species succumbed to the effects of a devastating fungal disease in the wild. Since 2007, existing captive populations abetted by collaborative conservation efforts by a number of zoos have staved off their extinction.Golden Lion Tamarin: Close to extinction due to loss of habitat from logging and mining, as well as poaching in its native Brazil, there has been a steady effort since the 1980s to ensure this species doesn’t vanish from the face of the Earth. Currently, about one-third of wild Golden Lion Tamarins come from breeding programs.Source: Taronga Conservation Society Australia Reintroduction Programs The goal of reintroduction programs is to release animals that have been raised or rehabilitated in zoos back into their natural habitats. AZA describes these programs as powerful tools used for stabilizing, re-establishing, or increasing in situ animal populations that have suffered significant declines. In cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the IUCN Species Survival Commission, AZA-accredited institutions have established reintroduction programs for endangered animals such as the black-footed ferret, California condor, freshwater mussel, and Oregon spotted frog. Public Education Zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. Over the past 10 years, AZA-accredited institutions have also trained more than 400,000 teachers with award-winning science curricula. A nationwide study including more than 5,500 visitors from 12 AZA-accredited institutions found that visits to zoos and aquariums prompt individuals to reconsider their role in environmental problems and see themselves as part of the solution. Field Conservation Field conservation focuses on the long-term survival of species in natural ecosystems and habitats. Zoos participate in conservation projects that support studies of populations in the wild, species recovery efforts, veterinary care for wildlife disease issues, and conservation awareness. AZA sponsors a landing page on the National Geographic Societys Global Action Atlas, featuring worldwide conservation projects associated with participating zoos. Success Stories Today, 31 animal species classified as Extinct in the Wild are being bred in captivity. Reintroduction efforts are underway for six of these species, including the Hawaiian crow. According to the IUCN, conservation breeding and reintroduction have helped prevent the extinction of six out of 16 critically endangered bird species and nine out of 13 mammal species, including species previously classified as Extinct in the Wild. The Future of Zoos and Captive Breeding A study recently published in the journal Science supports the establishment of specialized zoos and a network of captive breeding programs that target species facing an acute risk of extinction. According to the study, Specialization generally increases breeding success. The animals can be parked at these zoos until they have a chance of survival in the natural environment and can then be returned to the wild. Endangered species breeding programs will also help scientists better understand population dynamics critical to the management of animals in the wild.

Deadly Feasts Free Essays

Erica Dunyon Directed Readings Deadly Feasts by Richard Rhodes I have to admit, on the opening scene I was really skeptical about reading this book. I really have always hated the idea of cannibalism, so when I was reading and imagining this, in my mind one word came to my attention, â€Å"Disgusting! † Progression into the book, however, received my attention, and I continued forward. I enjoyed reading this book. We will write a custom essay sample on Deadly Feasts or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was very informative, easy to understand, and easy to read. I learned about various prion diseases and their effect on each species they infect. Deadly Feasts is about spongiform encephalopathies including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapies, Rida, Kuru, and mad cow disease. This book explains the relationships each spongiform disease has in common with each other, as well as their signs and symptoms. Mad cow disease and scrapies are quite similar to each other, and was endemic in Britain when this book was published. Another rare disease occurring in humans known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has then been related to mad cow disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is one in which eats human brains. Kuru is thought to be another spongiform disease. Kuru was thought to be a result of sorcery. Initially when this disease was discovered, the belief was leaning toward this disease taking on a genetically transmissible role. After much research, it is known that it is a transmissible disease spread by the consumption of infected flesh. The extremely unusual thing about kuru, along with other spongiform encephalopathies, is that it lacks the presence of inflammation. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are also known as prion diseases. The infectious microbe in TSEs is a specific protein called prion protein. These prion proteins and proteins of the brain are extremely similar. This may be the reason these proteins are not detected by the immune system which is why they do not cause inflammation. These diseases are unique because they are impossible to kill. They have been exposed to virtually everything including, extreme temperatures and radiation, and still have the ability to infect and cause disease. Gajdusek believed that transmission of these spongiform encephalopathies was in the form of protein in diseased dead animals, including sheep and cattle that were fed to other cattle. Rhodes refers to a concept known as industrial cannibalism. This means that the supplements were made from dead cows. Despite the fact that cattle were coming down with a disease that decreases the cow population, supplements were still made with the remaining’s of diseased cattle and fed to other cattle. Transmission of this disease can occur months or even up to decades because the disease can incubate for the allotted time. Britain was responsible for the initiation of research in this epidemic group of diseases. Britain did not inform the public in regards to this disease. They also bought diseased animals for half of the market value. The British government banned individuals from feeding animal waste to other animals, in 1989 to limit the spread of these diseases. In addition to limitting the transmission of these diseases, as a safety measure, the FDA prevented industries from feeding cattle protein from dead sheep, cattle, and other susceptible diseased animals. Europe still has increasing cases of the disease, which it infects many various herds and species of animals, supporting that the epidemic disease is able to spread across the species barrier The British government, by making the wrong public health choices, has conducted a frightening natural experiment, allowing a lethal disease agent to spread through the human food supply, exposing the entire British population. † (Rhodes 97) America is trying to prevent the spread of spongiform disease transmission from Britain to the U. S. by manufacturing our own beef and meat products. Unfortu nately, it would not be known if the disease has affected our population until it is a point when it might be too late. TSE’s are essentially unidentifiable until they progress to the point of brain damage. † (Rhodes 97) Spongiform diseases are still a known problem in the world, and the protection we give ourselves, or lack of protection is an issue brought up by Rhodes. Rhodes refers that spongiform diseases might be Britain’s †new Black Death. † He states that the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are public health problems and not only clinical. Transmission is controlled by actions of both social and institutional aspects. The term the â€Å"new Black Death† refers to the ease of the transmission of the disease. If the plan for eradication is not carefully planned and executed, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies can be a serious epidemically known disease that can cause many deaths. In conclusion, I recommend Deadly Feasts to all individuals, not necessarily limited to only those interested in microbiology. This book gives insight on a former, and always possible, group of diseases that can become epidemic at any time. I believe knowledge is power, so knowing about these diseases only contributes to public safety. How to cite Deadly Feasts, Papers

Literacy Rates Essays - Gender Studies, Marriage, Womens Rights

Literacy Rates There are several ways one can look at the status of women in any society. During the last decade at least three approaches, not necessarily mutually exclusive, were discernible. One was to examine the common demographic indicators that give an overall picture of women's relative standing vis-?-vis men. According to the 1981 census, the se ratio stood at 933 females per 1000 males. The literacy rate was 46.89 per cent for males and 24.82 per cent for females. The life expectancy at birth for females was 50 years and for males it was 50.9 years. The average age at marriage for females was 18.32 years and for males it was 23.27 years. The female work participation rate was 13.99 percent and the male work participation rate was 51.62 percent. Figures regarding economic participation rate for women have very little meaning as the definition of a worker has changed from one census to other. (Rehana Ghadially 1988 p.5) As a study by Australian demographer John C. Caldwell powerfully demonstrates, for both men and women in Ibo traditional society many children have been the surest and stronger source of prestige. In the Ibo society, remaining unmarried is an extreme social divergence. It was considered central to man's nature to beget, and women's to conceive and bear, children. For women, marriage traditionally brought a variety of economic responsibilities and often only one source of both honor and security: their children. According to the Ibo tradition the man had to pay the family of the bride a bride price to secure her marriage. The payment was given in exchange for the economic value of woman to her husband in her labor and her children. Hence, for the husband and wife marriage was as much as anything else an economic compact. (James L. Newman, 1995, p.122) Customs governing division of labor, rights to land and to children varied widely. However, while a woman was married her husband generally held her labor and its fruits firmly within its grasp. In addition, the brides usually went to live with her husband's kin, and she was dependent on this group in which she was a virtual outsider. (Jennifer Seymour Whitaker, 1990, p. 99) Once involved with her new household, an Ibo woman often lived a life quite separate economically from that of her husband, in which the basic unit was herself and her children. She was usually expected to cook her husband's food, to bear children regularly, and to feed and clothe the children as well. Her husband traditionally provided her with a hut and some land to farm. She supported her family by working the land allotted to her and by trading. Women usually did most of the cultivation. Therefore, it was accepted that women got plentiful land, and had rights to portions of family land for their own use, Often their surplus was theirs to keep; at other times they sold it to their husbands; sometimes their husbands kept it themselves. In any event, even though the women also did most of the cultivation on their husband's land, they did not share in their husband's income. Nor, when their husbands died, did the women inherit their property, which went to their sons or sometimes, to the sons of the husband's sisters. (P.98) Moreover, a woman herself is often inherited by her husband's brother, who marries her to give her home and keep her procreative powers in the family. However, ultimately, even more than men, women had to depend on their children for their economic well being, and, in their old age, for their survival. Between husband and wife, mutual respect was the most important personal bond. Intimate companionship or love in the sense we describe it was rare. Ibo women were expected to share their husbands with other wives. And in their competition for their husband's regard, honor grew most of all with the numbers of children one gave her husband and his family. (p. 97-102) As I mention before, being a mother was the most important role for an Ibo woman. It brings her prestige, pride, respect, and happiness. Therefore, traditionally, a failure to give birth would bring despair to the infertile woman. Her husband's reaction would be cruel. In Buchi